Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

Urban land-use impacts on composition and spatiotemporal variations in abundance and biomass of earthworm community

Soil fauna can sensitively respond to alterations in soil environment induced by land-use changes.However,little is known about the impact of urban land-use changes on earthworm communities.In this study,three land-use types(i.e.,forest,nursery and abandoned lands)were chosen to identify differences in diversity,abundance and biomass of earthworm community in Kunming City.Urban land-use had a pronounced difference in species composition,evenness and diversity of earthworm communities.Forest land had the highest density,biomass and diversity of the earthworm communities.Total abundance was dominated by endogeic species in nursery land(70%)and abandoned land(80%),whereas in the forest land,the earthworm community comprised epigeic,endogeic and anecic species.Temporal changes in earthworm density and biomass were also significantly affected by land-use change.Total density and biomass of earthworms in the forest and nursery lands were highest in September,but highest in the abandoned land in October.The influence of soil physicochemical properties on the earthworm density and biomass also varied with land-use types.Soil temperature significantly affected earthworm density and biomass in the three land-use types.Soil pH was positively correlated with earthworm biomass in the forest land,but negatively associated with earthworm density in the abandoned land.Soil organic matter was positively correlated only with density and biomass of earthworms in the nursery and abandoned lands.Our results suggest that the species composition,abundance and biomass of earthworm communities can be determined by the modification of soil properties associated with urban land-use type.     

不同土壤条件下氮肥处理对小麦产量及品质的影响

为探讨不同土壤条件下氮肥处理对小麦产量及品质的影响,采用盆栽试验,以Egypt1和津强7号为供试材料,研究不同土壤条件下氮肥处理对小麦产量及品质的影响。试验设黑土、潮土2种土壤类型和不追肥、拔节期追氮肥、挑旗期追氮肥3种肥料处理,3次重复。结果表明: 在2种土壤条件下,小麦籽粒产量和各蛋白质组分产量表现为黑土>潮土,除球蛋白产量外,土壤处理间均差异显著。不同时期追施氮肥均显著提高了籽粒产量和蛋白质产量。黑土和潮土配合追施氮肥都可以有效提高小麦籽粒产量,改善品质。     

黔东南州天柱县植烟土壤保育与改良研究

植烟土壤是确保烤烟优质高产的关键因素之一,通过对天柱县植烟土壤烟田基本情况、土壤退化情况、土壤保育与改良情况、土地整理情况等进行调查,结果表明:该烟区地块比较破碎,有便利的排水条件或健全的排水设施,无洪涝灾害的烟田面积为420.00 hm~2,占63.0%;土壤板结发生面积为136.00 hm~2,占基本烟田的20.4%;有机质含量下降发生面积为208 hm~2,占基本烟田的31.2%;水土流失发生面积为169.33 hm~2,占基本烟田的25.4%。为此,应采取土壤改良措施,以促进天柱特色优质烤烟的发展。     

Efficiency of wheat straw mulching in reducing soil and water losses from three typical soils of the Loess Plateau,China

Mulching the soil surface with a layer of plant residue is considered an effective method of conserving water and soil because it increases water infiltration into the soil, reduces surface runoff and the soil erosion, and reduces flow velocity and the sediment carrying capacity of overland flow. However, application of plant residues increases operational costs and so optimal levels of mulch in order to prevent soil and/or water losses should be used according to the soil type and rainfall and slope conditions. In this study, the effect of wheat straw mulch rate on the total runoff and total soil losses from 60-mm simulated rainstorms was assessed for two intensive rainfalls (90 and 180 mm h⁻¹) on three slope gradients typical conditions on the Loess Plateau of China and elsewhere. For short slopes (1 m), the optimal mulch rate to save water for a silt loam and a loam soil was 0.4 kg m⁻². However, for a clay loam soil the mulch rate of 0.4 kg m⁻² would be optimal only under the 90 mm h⁻¹ rainfall; 0.8 kg m⁻² was required for the 180 mm h⁻¹. In order to save soil, a mulch rate of 0.2 kg m⁻² on the silt loam slopes prevented 60%–80% of the soil losses. For the loam soil, mulch at the rate of 0.4 kg m⁻² was essential in most cases in order to reduce soil losses substantially. For the clay loam, 0.4 kg m⁻² may be optimal under the 90 mm h⁻¹ rain, but 0.8 kg m⁻² may be required for the 180 mm h⁻¹ rainstorm. These optimal values would also need to be considered alongside other factors since the mulch may have value if used elsewhere. Hence doubling the optimal mulch rate for the silt loam soil from 0.2 kg m⁻² or the clay loam soil under 90 mm h⁻¹ rainfall from 0.4 kg m⁻² in order to achieve a further 10% reduction in soil loss needs to be assessed in that context. Therefore, Optimal mulch rate can be an effective approach to virtually reduce costs or to maximize the area that can be treated. Meantime, soil conservationist should be aware that levels of mulch for short slopes might not be suitable for long slopes.     

中国大蒜主产区主要品种鳞茎品质及其与产地土壤养分的关系

以全国16个省区50个品种大蒜与对应土壤为材料,分析大蒜鳞茎中大蒜素、硒元素、锗元素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白的含量,测定蒜瓣数、蒜头质量等7个鳞茎性状及土壤化学性状指标,通过主成分分析对鳞茎性状进行综合评价,分析大蒜鳞茎与产地土壤化学性质的相关性。结果表明:大蒜素、硒、锗和可溶性糖4个主成分累计方差贡献率达到79.8%,反映大蒜品种鳞茎品质的基本信息。鳞茎营养品质大蒜素、硒、锗、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及表型品质蒜瓣数、蒜头质量综合排序,品质较好的(F≥0.5)品种是‘苏02’‘苏01’‘贵02’‘豫07’和‘晋01’,品质一般(0≤F0.5)的品种19个,品质较差(F0)的品种超过一半。相关分析表明,土壤养分含量与大蒜品质间的相关性较小,只有硫元素与大蒜素和可溶性糖显著正相关,土壤pH与大蒜锗含量显著正相关,土壤N含量与大蒜可溶性糖极显著正相关。     

长期施用沼肥对设施菜田土壤养分和盐分累积量的影响

为研究规模养猪场沼液沼渣在农田施用对土壤养分及盐分含量累积的影响,以安康市某养猪场农业园区施用沼液设施菜田土壤为研究对象,以当地常规施用化肥设施菜田为对照,定点采集施用沼肥区和对照区0 a、1 a、3 a、5 a和7 a的设施菜地土壤,分别测定土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、全铜、全锌质量分数及电导率和pH。结果表明,随着沼液沼渣施用年限的增加,土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、全铜、全锌质量分数和电导率均相应增加,7 a后分别达96.1 mg/kg、91.5 mg/kg、73.7 mg/kg、11.9 g/kg、118.5 mg/kg、263.4 mg/kg和0.366 mS/cm,分别是未施用沼液沼渣土壤中各成分含量的3.4倍、1.5倍、3.3倍、1.3倍、3.9倍、1.88倍和4.74倍,说明施用沼液沼渣能有效增加土壤养分含量,同时土壤养分和盐分快速累积,对土壤环境带来较大的污染风险。     

生草对南疆温室桃园土壤理化性状的影响

研究生草措施对温室桃园土壤环境和养分的影响,为温室桃栽培优质生产提供理论支持。以温室桃园为研究对象,设置行间种植三叶草和小黑麦为处理,以清耕为对照,测定温室桃园土壤理化性质、体积质量、孔隙度及养分含量的变化。结果表明,温室桃园行间种植三叶草和小黑麦能减缓土壤温度变化幅度,提高土壤含水量,降低土壤水溶性总盐含量,显著增加0～20 cm土层和20～40 cm土层土壤有机质及养分含量,其中种植三叶草的效果好。生草能增加土壤pH,显著降低0～20 cm土壤体积质量,增加土壤总孔隙度。温室桃园生草可以有效调节土壤温度,改善土壤结构和通透性,提高土壤肥力。     

施磷量对柴达木枸杞产量与品质及土壤酶活性的影响

以树龄8 a的‘宁杞7号’为试验材料，通过施用不同量的磷肥（P₂O₅）［0 kg/hm(P₀)、133 kg/hm(P₁₃₃)、267 kg/hm(P₂₆₇)、400 kg/hm(P₄₀₀)、534 kg/hm(P₅₃₄)和667 kg/hm(P₆₆₇)］研究施肥量对枸杞产量与品质及土壤酶活性的影响，以期筛选出柴达木地区枸杞栽培的适宜施磷量。结果表明P₅₃₄处理枸杞的产量最高，为8 320 kg/hm，与P₆₆₇处理无显著差异。P₅₃₄处理枸杞总糖含量较P₀增加42.86%。P₅₃₄处理 0~100 cm土层土壤速效磷平均含量为28.9 mg/kg，较P₆₆₇处理提高5.63%， 0~40 cm土层速效磷平均含量较P₆₆₇处理增加14.26%。随施磷量的增加，土壤速效磷累积量呈先升后降趋势。0~20 cm及20~40 cm土壤磷酸酶活性最高为P₅₃₄处理，较P₆₆₇处理分别显著增加8.11%和11.65%。枸杞产量与0~20 cm土壤磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关，且与枸杞果实磷素累积量呈极显著正相关性。与农民习惯施磷量(667 kg/hm²)相比，P₅₃₄处理(减少20%的磷肥用量)能提高枸杞的产量、总糖、果实磷素累积量及0~40 cm土壤过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性。综合评价，在柴达木地区高磷量枸杞园以施磷肥（P₂O₅）534 kg/hm² 为适宜施磷量。     

The application of proximal visible and near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate soil organic matter on the Triffa Plain of Morocco

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a fundamental soil constituent. The estimation of this parameter in the laboratory using the classical method is complex time-consuming and requires the use of chemical reagents. The objectives of this study were to assess the accuracy of two laboratory measurement setups of the VIS-NIR spectroscopy in estimating SOM content and determine the important spectral bands in the SOM estimation model. A total of 115 soil samples were collected from the non-root zone (0–20 cm) of soil in the study area of the Triffa Plain and then analysed for SOM in the laboratory by the Walkley–Black method. The reflectance spectra of soil samples were measured by two protocols, Contact Probe (CP) and Pistol Grip (PG)) of the ASD spectroradiometer (350–2500 nm) in the laboratory. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to develop the prediction models. The results of coefficient of determination (R²) and the root mean square error (RMSE) showed that the pistol grip offers reasonable accuracy with an R² = 0.93 and RMSE = 0.13 compared to the contact probe protocol with an R² = 0.85 and RMSE = 0.19. The near-Infrared range were more accurate than those in the visible range for predicting SOM using the both setups (CP and PG). The significant wavelengths contributing to the prediction of SOM for (PG) setup were at: 424, 597, 1432, 1484, 1830,1920, 2200, 2357 and 2430 nm, while were at 433, 587, 1380, 1431, 1929, 2200 and 2345 nm for (CP) setup.